You can think of the surface of a virus as being covered in keys. A cell without the right receptor has nothing to offer a virus. A virus might encounter the cells in your nose or throat but pass them by, waiting to find more suitable locales. This is why different viruses infect different types of cells and result in variable symptoms. Each virus has an array of probes that search for particular receptors they're capable of accessing. They do this by binding to receptors on the surface of cells. Viruses, being unable to replicate on their own, hijack a host’s cells and turn them into replication machines.
It also isn’t a static number across diseases, but we do have some data for some of the more well-known diseases - like HIV. This is particularly true for diseases that have low transmission or low fatality rates. It’s difficult to know just how many people are naturally immune to which diseases. While the events of The Stand are, thankfully, not real, natural immunity to disease is.
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